Study: Paper Library Network Time :2009-09-04
Abstract: Hong Kong (HK) career guidance and job market are closely linked with market-oriented business philosophy, industry-oriented accreditation system, the practical science teaching methods and a variety of teaching management, such as, the role of Government, concluded goals of professional teaching, resources configuration, school level and teaching content give the spiration to develop the professional teaching in mainland.
Keywords: vocational education; training; courses; goals; inspiration
Hong Kong (HK) SAR lacks of natural resources, such as water, food, agro-food, infrastructure and energy. It rely on the resources from the mainland and other countries. HK can become a world-renowned center of international trade and financial centre, which a metropolis of major international impact. As it has a superior geographical position and close relationship with other countries. And also, HK has more than 3 million hard-working, dedicated and high-quality workers, which due to its mature,developed and high efficient system of vocational guidance.
1. The status of instruction of Hong Kong Vocational guidance
Hong Kong Vocational Training is a pyramid system. The system consists of pre-employment and job training to teach the two major parts, pre-employment vocational guidance system of Hong Kong to teach the subject, it can be divided into four levels: professional teaching preparation, initial vocational guidance, vocational guidance and senior secondary vocational guidance.
The preparation of Vocational guidance also called the operation training course, which is the basis of pre-employment guidance. Commitment by the various types of vocational secondary schools to absorb primary school graduates, it is equal to the Mainland Vocational Schools. Graduates must also include apprenticeship training, competence shoulder operatives, attendants of the class work. Also known as craft courses to teach elementary teaching career, which consists of pre-vocational secondary schools, technical schools and experimental schools commitment to absorb the high school students in third grade education, vocational high school equivalent to the Mainland, in technical, technical secondary school. After graduation students may be responsible for general skills workers in all walks of life. Intermediate vocational skills in teaching, also known as members of higher diploma, higher certificate courses to teach. Absorption of secondary school students, school system 2 to 3 years, equivalent to the mainland college, graduates can undertake skill workers or white-collar clerks. Senior Technician course teaches professional teaching known, it is the top part of the pre-employment taught by recognized by the Government's comprehensive commitment to the University's Engineering Department. Strict entry requirements, admission to a university matriculation and university entrance standards for students, academic years. Graduates must also participate in practical training and relevant professional bodies test, qualified technicians ability to obtain, a senior professional skills of staff and administrators.
Another part of vocational guidance is a further training program for all owrkers, it is important to the communities from all over the community school organizations. These educational institutions can be divided into three categories: the first category is by the voluntary organizations of professional teaching institutions, such as Catholic, Christian religion, labor and social organizations. The second category is sponsored by professional associations of professional teaching institutions, such as Hong Kong Accounting Association and its subsidiary Accounting Association, the Hong Kong Management Association, productivity enhancing, family plan to lead the sessions, the third one is a private education institution.
The social of Hong Kong change frequently. The low-income earners as the main body, as the social security system in HK is not as good as Western countries, so unemployment and jobs changing are often generated in order to fulfill the demands of the vagaries of the employment environment, people have to continue to study, which upgrade and add-value to themselves. Therefore, most of people in Hong Kong have to study 2-3 professional at the same time when they were students. They also continued to study not only the professional training of industry and learn other professional knowledge since they employed. There is normal for them to have more than one professional certificate, which enhanced services training, social educational development and prosperity in HK. In particular, Hong Kong's re-employment training. I In the 1980s, restructuring our economy era, gradually turning to the processing industry as the leading high-tech industry led, after 90 years, the accelerated pace of industrial transfers and structural unemployment. To meet the changing job market, the Hong Kong Government in 1992, the Employees Retraining Board. Authority for the wholly owned subsidiary of the Hong Kong Government, the task is to train unemployed workers, and progress in the labor market more competitive. It does not have the sponsoring organization directly, but from all over the territory of the hundreds of private educational institutions meet the educational criteria selected, as its point of commissioning school to fulfill its intention to develop the re-employment training. Employees Retraining Board and the relationship between these educational institutions as the relationship between employers and employees, employees in accordance with the employer's intent and instructions recruitment of teaching, students register under funded by the employer. This "how to do things, to the amount of money; not work, do not pay" approach, can achieve the Government's intentions, but also to display their funds to maximize the effect. The Government allocated each year in employee costs of re-employment training, has reached 12 billion now, you can sponsor more than 80,000 student places. In fact, the Hong Kong Government's investment in teaching has been considerable. The government put the total expenditure of education is 54.4 billion dollars in 2000, 55.3 billion dollars in 2001 and 59.4 billion dollars in 2002. The government is growing to invest in Education, which become a health professional teaches important guarantee for stable development.
2. The characteristics of Hong Kong Vocational guidance
I) the diversity of teaching objectives. Hong Kong Vocational teaching goal is to transport suitable labor job market. Vocational school enrollment institution intends to teach the curriculum set up plans, and even vocational training courses to teach are the wind around the job market demand and supply of information developed. Vocational Training Council Training Committee and the affiliated 20 8 General Committee, usually every two years to the human resources needs of the industry in the state conducted a comprehensive survey of the current job to teach the scale of running a school or course to make an objective assessment, the formation of a written report and made public. Not only for the supply of leadership among institutions, but also can sponsor the learners choice of profession and the curriculum, the employment rate after graduation progress. On the whole, the greatest demand for Hong Kong job market is a must for operators and service skills. Therefore, the focus is to teach professional craft courses, is also creating an important skill workers and service personnel.
II) The business philosophy of the market. Hong Kong is a highly market-oriented social, vocational teaching is true, the market mechanism in resource allocation to display their job to teach a decisive role. Important repercussions in three aspects: first, a high degree of streamlining the organization. Management of a small, a large proportion of part-time teachers, teaching facilities and more are hiring. Second, the layout of the community schools, Internet-wired. Educational institutions of competition, a very strong sense of service, the new residential building where the teaching point is located where large bodies of advantages are clear. These agencies often have more than 10 or even set up dozens of teaching points, all residents across the community, great job teaching the formation of network systems, unified decision-making, centralized management, evacuation management, independent accounting, competition in the market shows great advantages . Third, mobile and diverse educational methods. Education institutions operating in Hong Kong is the Mainland is hard to imagine even in the primary and secondary residential rent 1-2 availability, set a manager, founded on the teaching point, and that a body can be established with the teachings of a variety of situations, from ordinary teaching to vocational guidance, job training for adults, from full-time to evening, from the knowledge, skill and entertainment, life and other kinds of courses. Multi-level, comprehensive, large-span of the school situation, so our job to teach a very wide coverage by the many people who teach and have strong vitality. Hong Kong, this approach also promoted by the UNESCO on the national vocational guidance and teach the concept of life is a complete and consistent.
III) Practical and effective teaching methods. Hong Kong Occupational teach both the East and West to teach the characteristics of the system, not only preserved the traditional application of knowledge, but also integrates the advanced western teaching methods and scientific means, they seek to reform and innovation of traditional high regard and respect for the principles of another eclectic Hong Kong Vocational guidance is one important factor in the success. In teaching methods, combined with practice emphasis, and the spot regarded highly practical training in handling emergency incidents. Scene and the reality of teaching seeks the same or similar work environment, the learning process while the process is practical, well-trained students, once embarked on the community, most people can immediately top class action.
IV) Industry-based accreditation system. Hong Kong's trade association is very lively, although they are not a government agency, but in the industry with considerable authority, such as Hong Kong Society of Accountants, the Law Society and the Architects Association, known as the three major trade associations to practice in these industries, only a diploma does not work, must pass the qualification test conducted by them, before they can apply to become a member. Professional test organized by the Institute, to avoid government intervention to ensure professional standards and test fairness.
V) The management of mobile and convenient. Government does not intervene in the community school movement, but it does not mean it, but ask. In fact, the Hong Kong Government in respect of professional teaching force is quite large, it is important to use legal norms and the financial sponsor two means, from a macro-level norms and leadership to teach sports. Law is the Government Management, an important means of teaching norms. It has a vast and relatively complete system of teaching methods, content specific, feasible, and generally are accompanied by penalties for illegal once identified, the sanctions were very harsh. Financial sponsorship is another important governance tool to teach the Government's money spent on professional teaching about 30 billion a year to teach the expenditure share of GDP is far lower than western countries, even lower than the same four Asian dragons of South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore. On private education institution, the general no funding and sponsorship on the nature of public education institutions, although funds are allocated and appropriated before the approval, call tracking monitor very carefully after the solemn. Whether legal means or financial means, have clearly expressed the Government's intention to teach not deviate from the orbit of government default, without prejudice to the market mechanism regulating society's active role in school sports.
3. Inspiration of Hong Kong Vocational guidance
From the perspective of the superstructure, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region to fulfill the capitalist system, and there is a clear difference between the mainland, but it's a number of professional teaching specific practices, not only our reality, but also a deep and useful mainland inspiration:
I) The leading role of the government. Major capitalist countries in the world, government intervention in the economy significantly enhanced, Hong Kong SAR Government is still to free competition in a market-oriented economic policies, not only in the economic campaign to pursue "positive non-intervention" principle, in teaching and other areas as well so. Hong Kong SAR plays an important leadership job mentoring, supervision and services, sponsorship role. This is the traditional practice of the mainland significantly different. Governments at all levels from the mainland important decision-making, leadership and management role, so professional guidance to the Government's industrial policy, employment policy services. The impact of government infiltration to vocational teaching all aspects of management system to the concrete of the various aspects of course construction Deng has fully arranged, and are subject to each phase in its political movement, which makes the job Jiao Dao Ji there is no perfect system also does not relatively reasonable course set, until the establishment of education work, before the beginning of change in this state. In recent years, with the gradual establishment of the socialist market economic system, the Government has relaxed the intensity of management, from the uniform distribution of employment to graduates and employers a two-way choice, this is a significant change. But the plan enrollment, plan funding, the practice of government-run vocational education is still the mainstream. This would allow the government into the affairs of management of a complicated, but also to make education institutions according to market law school lost the initiative and enthusiasm, the Government is not whether, but also the dilemma of poor control point. Learn from the experience of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, in accordance with the principle of market economy, concluded that the government's role in vocational teaching position to ensure the healthy development of professional teaching vital.
II) The determination of professional teaching goals. Mainland China's vocational guidance at this stage still teach pre-employment mainly based on the financial provision is maintained by the Government. Post-employment job training and progress, the scale is far smaller than pre-employment guidance, funds to be raised primarily among institutions, students pay to go to school, little government sponsorship. As mainland China's per capita national income is not high, to teach respect for the less consumer spending, in addition to instruction in some government departments to participate in job training project, the all-the-job training in terms of school size and school level have become very thin . From the mid-1980s, the beginning of the economic restructuring of Hong Kong in order to meet the objective request, has gradually increased the workers into job training progress. Currently, full funding by government regulatory agencies have four career guidance: Hong Kong Vocational Training Council, the Construction Industry Training Authority, the Clothing Industry Training Council and the Employees Retraining Board. Job training and training and retraining of teaching hundreds of outlets all over Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and New Territories communities. This makes the emerging global "life lessons" in Hong Kong has the possibility to implement. Professional guidance of Hong Kong and the international community integration, in line with UNESCO's request for an important marker. This kind of professional guidance to establish long-term strategic objectives, but also must take great strength of the mainland to solve the problem.
III) Career guidance resource allocation method is reasonable. Funds are the most important professional teaching resources, other factors also includes teacher resources, teaching methods, teaching facilities. Mainland China to teach at this stage of career and private schools, government schools two blocks to the Government as the main school. Government schools still use the resources needed to plan allocation method, developed by government departments, educational plan, in accordance with the school intends to allocate the necessary resources. The student left school, would go to the labor market, job seekers, employers need employees, but also to the labor market to recruit. In fact, the learners must be in accordance with market demand and choice of profession, educational institutions must be in accordance with market demand courses. Hong Kong SAR Government and the Chinese mainland investment funds on professional teaching methods on the contrary, the former is "You first act, I would give money," while the latter is "I'll give money, you then act." Intended to make resource allocation inevitably ruined, market allocation of resources to display their talent to the maximum effect. Hong Kong SAR methods to teach more to display their capital investment funding role.
IV) Educational level and teaching professional to teach science content. Whether teaching or in-service pre-employment job training, and employment are closely approached. This is the difference between professional teaching in other situations where the teachings of the special nature. Mainland professional teaching methods follow the general guidance to vocational secondary schools, in technical, secondary and tertiary school levels to distinguish it and determine the level of vocational education institutions to teach. Hong Kong SAR direct operatives courses, craft courses, skills courses and technician staff to determine school-level courses. Learn what programs are generally only seek appropriate professional jobs, teaching jobs and job seekers direct contact, briefly clear. From the teaching content, the mainland's job to teach the general courses offered to teach classes into political, cultural knowledge and lessons, professional courses and specialized courses based on four categories. Courses in all teaching hours in about 40% of the actual operation hours in courses teaching a very small proportion. Hong Kong SAR professional and cultural knowledge to teach courses and offering social work programs, representing less than 30% of the general. In courses teaching, practical classes the ratio of 50% or more, emphasizing imitation of teaching and environmental education, and strive to practice situations and the actual working environment, unified, in addition to special types of work, in general, does not require an internship. Simplify the concept, emphasizing the practical, professional guidance in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region mainland successful experience is worth the heart.
V) A macro program and decision-making forward-looking. Hong Kong SAR has been taught as a part of social services in British Hong Kong to teach it is considered to housing, medical care, welfare, labor and other similar one of the five social services, although these five services are not bound to each other dry joint . With the social development, service has gradually become a duty of government, and has been in spending is not stingy. Entering the new century, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in teaching new concepts put forward. Statistics of Hong Kong in early 2000 to teach that launched the "create space for exciting," the overall education reform program, in September replaced the "whole-person development of lifelong learning" as the subject, published on the Hong Kong teaching reform proposals, a new era for Hong Kong job teaching work direction of its development. The spring of 1992, Deng Xiaoping to absorb and learn from the capitalist system, including advanced business methods and management have been brilliant exposition, it is to see whether it helps the development of the productive forces of socialist society, whether it helps strengthen the socialist countries of the comprehensive national power, whether it helps advance the standards of living people. In fact, we should say the full today, the Hong Kong SAR as well as abroad to teach ideas and management methods, as long as help us to teach the development of socialism, is conducive to the long-term interests of the Chinese nation to teach cause and fundamental interests, to All teaching quality improvement, they should learn.
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